Category: Methods of Measurements

Introduction to Estimation

NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING

1. Estimate give an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be determined i..e whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available or not.

2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.

3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract.

4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of work.

5. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not. 

PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHODS OF ESTIMATING

Estimating involves the following operations:

1. Preparing detailed Estimate.

2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work

3. Preparing abstract of estimate

DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE

1. Drawings i.e.plans, elevations, sections etc.

If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of estimation become very difficult. So, It is very essential before preparing an estimate.

2. Specifications.

a) General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a general idea of building.

b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items of work laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of preparation workmanship and execution of work.

3. Rates

For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.

a) For arriving at the unit rates of each item.

b) The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.

c) The cost of transport materials.

d) The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Mazdoor, etc.

COMPLETE ESTIMATE

Most of people think that the estimate of a structure includes cost of land, cost of materials and labour, But many other direct and indirect costs included and is shown below:Capture.JPG

LUMP SUM

While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to workout in detail in case of petty items. Items other than civil engineering such items are called lump sum items or simply L.S.Items. The following are some of L.S. Items in the estimate.

1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements.

2. Electrical installations like meter, motor, etc.,

3. Architectural features.

4. Contingencies and unforeseen items. In General, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above L.S.Items Even if sub estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual cost should not exceed the L.S.amounts provided in the main estimate.

WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT

During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors, work assistance, watchmen etc., are employed on temporary basis. The salaries of these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards the work charged establishment. that is, establishment which is charged directly to work. an L.S.amount of 1½ to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards the work charged establishment.

TYPES OF ESTIMATES

DETAILED ESTIMATE:

The preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out quantities of various items of work and then determine the cost of each item.

This is prepared in two stages.

i) Details of measurements and calculation of quantities: The complete work is divided into various items of work such as earth work concreting, brick work, R.C.C. Plastering etc., The details of measurements are taken from drawings and entered in respective columns of prescribed proforma. the quantities are calculated by multiplying the values that are in numbers column to Depth column as shown below:

Details of measurements form

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ii) Abstract of Estimated Cost : The cost of each item of work is worked out from the quantities that already computed in the details measurement form at workable rate. But the total cost is worked out in the prescribed form is known as abstract of estimated form. 4% of estimated Cost is allowed for Petty Supervision, contingencies and Unforeseen items.

Abstract of estimate form

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The detailed estimate should accompanied with

i) Report

ii) Specification

iii) Drawings (plans, elevation, sections)

iv) Design charts and calculations v) Standard schedule of rates.

Factors to be considered While Preparing Detailed Estimate

i) Quantity and transportation of materials: For bigger project, the requirement of materials is more. such bulk volume of materials will be purchased and transported definitely at cheaper rate.

ii) Location of site: The site of work is selected, such that it should reduce damage or in transit during loading, unloading, stocking of materials.

iii) Local labour charges: The skill, suitability and wages of local labourers are considered while preparing the detailed estimate

Data

The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called as Data. In preparation of Data, the rates of materials and labour are obtained from current standard scheduled of rates and while the quantities of materials and labour required for one unit of item are taken from Standard Data Book (S.D.B)

Fixing of Rate per Unit of an Item

The rate per unit of an item includes the following:

i) Quantity of materials & cost: The requirement of mateials are taken strictly in accordance with standard data book(S.D.B). The cost of these includes first cost, freight, insurance and transportation charges.

ii) Cost of labour: The exact number of labourers required for unit of work and the multiplied by the wages/ day to get of labour for unit item work.

iii) Cost of equipment (T&P): Some works need special type of equipment, tools and plant. In such case, an amount of 1 to 2% of estimated cost is provided.

iv) Overhead charges: To meet expenses of office rent, depreciation of equipment salaries of staff postage, lighting an amount of 4% of estimate cost is allocated.

METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE:

Preliminary or approximate estimate is required for studies of various aspects of work of project and for its administrative approval. It can decide, in case of commercial projects, whether the net income earned justifies the amount invested or not. The approximate estimate is prepared from the practical knowledge and cost of similar works. The estimate is accompanied by a report duly explaining necessity and utility of the project and with a site or layout plan. A percentage 5 to 10% is allowed for contingencies.

The following are the methods used for preparation of approximate estimates.

a) Plinth area method

The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth area rate. The area is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of building). In fixing the plinth area rate, careful observation and necessary enquiries are made in respect of quality and quantity aspect of materials and labor, type of foundation, height of building, roof, wood work, fixtures, number of storeys etc.

As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas include while calculating the plinth area of building:

a) Area of walls at floor level.

b) Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0 sq.m, lifts, air conditioning ducts etc.

c) Area of barsati at terrace level: Barsati means any covered space open on one side constructed on one side constructed on terraced roof which is used as shelter during rainy season.

d) Porches of non cantilever type.

Areas which are not to include

a) Area of lofts.

b) Unenclosed balconies.

c) Architectural bands, cornices etc.

d) Domes, towers projecting above terrace level.

e) Box louvers and vertical sun breakers.

b) Cubical contents methods

This method is generally used for multi-storeyed buildings. It is more accurate than the other two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method. The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (Volume of buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate. The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The length and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off set. The cost of string course, cornice, carbelling etc., is neglected. The cost of building= volume of buildings x rate/ unit volume.

c) Unit base method 

According to this method the cost of structure is determined by multiplying the total number of units with unit rate of each item. In case schools and colleges, the unit considered to be as ‘one student’ and in case of hospital, the unit is ‘one bed’. the unit rate is calculated by dividing the actual expenditure incurred or cost of similar building in the nearby locality by the number of units.

 

 

Mangalore Tiled Roof

To calculate the number of Mangalore tiles and battens required to cover an area of 10 sq.m

Size of Mangalore tiles = 41 cm x 24 cm

and it can cover an area of 32 cm x 21 cm

Therefore, Area covered by one tile with overlap = 32 cm x 21 cm = 0.32 sq.m x 0.21 sq.m

= 0.672 sq.m

Therefore, Total number of tiles required = (Area to be covered / Area of one tile with overlap)

= 10 / 0.0672 = 148.81 = 149 Nos.

Length of the ridge tile = 40 cm

The size of teak wood battens is equal to 5 cm x 2.5 cm and are usually fixed at 30 cm c/c

Therefore, the length of the battens required = 36 m

Floor Finishes

Item: Plain cement tiles 20 mm thick over cement mortar (1:6) screeding, including cement float, etc.

The quantities of plain cement tiles, cement and sand required for flooring 10 sq.m area will be determined as follows:

  • Plain cement tiles including 5% wastage = 10.5 sq.m
  • Quantity of mortar for screeding, assuming 20 mm thickness

= 10 (sq.m) x 2 / 1000 (m) = 0.2 cum.

Quantity of Cement required for (1:6) proportion = 0.26 / (1+6) = 0.037 cum.

= 0.037 x 30 = 1.11 bags of cement

and Quantity of cement required for float, assuming 1.5 mm thickness = 10 x 0.0015

=0.015 cum.

=0.015 x 30 = 0.45 bags of cement

Therefore, Total quantity of cement required = 1.11 + 0.45 = 1.56 bags

and, Quantity of sand required = [0.26/(1+6)] x 6 = 0.222 cum. = 0.25 cum.

Pointing

The volume of dry mortar required for pointing depends upon the type of surface i.e. either brick work or masonry work.

For pointing ( which may be flush, struck or keyed) to the brick work, the dry volume of mortar , including wastage, required for 10 sq.m area is about 0.036 cum. and for random rubble masonry it is 0.076 cum.

Thus knowing the proportion of the mix of the mortar as 1:3, the quantity of cement and sand can be found out as follows:

  • For pointing to brick work

Volume of cement required = 0.036 / (1+4) = 0.009 cum.

= 0.009 x 30 = 0.270 bags

and, Volume of sand required = [0.036 / (1+3)] x 3 = 0.027 cum.

  • For pointing to random or coursed rubble masonry, the volume of dry mortar required = 0.076 cum.

Therefore, For pointing in cement mortar (1:3) proportion,

Quantity of cement required = 0.076 / (1+3) = 0.019 cum.

= 0.019 x 30 = 0.57 bags = 0.60 bags of cement

and, Quantity of mortar required = [0.076 / (1+3)] x 3 = 0.057 cum.

Plastering

To determine the quantity of cement (or lime) and sand, required for plastering unit square metre of the area of various thickness is to work out the volume of mortar required per sq.m of plaster by multiplying the area to be plastered by its thickness.

In order to allow extra mortar for raked out joints, cavities, uneven surfaces, etc. the above worked out quantity is to be increased approximately by 30%.

Further to convert the wet volume of mortar into its corresponding dry volume, it should be increased by about 30%.

Then the quantities of cement and sand required can be determined by dividing the total dry volume of mortar by the sum of the numerical figures of proportion or mix of the mortar and multiplying it by the individual numerical figures.

e.g. To determine the quantities of cement and sand for 12 mm thick plaster in cement mortar (1:4), the procedure would be as follows:

Considering the area to be plastered as 10 sq.m, with a thickness of 12 mm, the quantity of wet mortar required = 10 (sq.m) x 1.2 / 100 (m) = 0.12 cum.

Therefore, Adding 30% extra for filling joints, and uneven surface, etc., quantity of wet mortar required = 0.12 + (0.3 x 0.12) = 0.156 cum.

Therefore,  Quantity of dry mortar required = 0.156 + (0.3 x 0.156) = 0.156 + 0.0468

= 0.2028 cum.

Further, allowing for wastage, etc.

The total quantity of dry mortar required = 0.203 cum.

Therefore, Quantity of cement required = 0.203 / (1+4) = 0.041 cum.

= 0.042 x 30 = 1.23 bags

and Quantity of sand required = [0.203 / (1+4)] x 4 = 0.162 cum.

Approximate method

The approximate method of determining the volume of dry mortar required is to multiply the quantity of wet mortar required by a factor 1.8

i.e. Volume of wet mortar required = 0.12 cum.

Therefore, Volume of dry mortar required = 0.12 x 1.8 = 0.216 cum.

Therefore, Quantity of cement required = 0.216 / (1+4) = 0.043 cum.

= 0.043 x 30 = 1.29 = 1.30 bags

and, Quantity of sand required = [0.216 / (1+4)] x 4 = 0.0173  cum. which is same as determined above.

Neeru finish coat of 1.5 mm thickness.

If the inside face is to be plastered further with a Neeru finish of 1.5 mm thickness then the quantity of Neeru required for 10 sq.m surface

= 10 (sq.m) x 1.5 / 1000 (m)

= 0.015 cum.

i.e. 0.015 x 30 = 0.45 bags = 0.5 bags of Neeru which is available as ‘Sagol’ or ‘Sunala’ as brand name in the market.

 

10 cm Thick Brick Work in partition Walls in Cement Mortar (1:4)

In order to calculate  the quantities of cement and sand required for 10 cm thick brick partition wall, with I.S. size (i.e. modular) bricks, the procedure would be as follows.

Considering 10 sq.m area of the brick work to be constructed with 10 cm thick wall.

The quantity of brick work in partition = 10 x (10/100) = 1 cum.

Therefore, Number of bricks required (considering the thickness of joints on 10 cm)

= 100/(0.20 x 0.1 x 0.1)

=500

Adding 5% extra for wastage = 25

Therefore, Total number of bricks = 525

Therefore, Quantity of mortar required = (10 x 0.1) – 500(0.19 x 0.9 x 0.9) = 1 – 0.77 = 0.23

Adding 10% extra for frog, bonding, wastage, etc. = 0.023

Therefore, Wet volume of mortar required = 0.253 cum.

Therefore, Dry volume required = 1.25 x 0.253 = 0.316 cum. = 0.30 cum.

i.e. for 10 sq.m area of brick work thickness 10 cm, the quantity of dry mortar required = 0.3 cum.

Further, knowing the proportion of mix, the quantities of cement and sand can be found out by dividing the total quantity of dry volume of mortar by the sum of the numerical figures of the proportion or mix of the mortar and then multiplying it by the individual numerals.

Reinforcement for Reinforced Cement Concrete

  • It is usual practice to express the steel required for reinforced cement concrete as percentage of volume of concrete e.g. 1% steel in R.C.C. slab indicates that the quantity of steel required will be equal to 1% of the volume of concrete i.e. for every one square metre sectional area of the slab cut, there will be 0.01 sq.m of steel bar utilized.
  • As the steel weighs 7850 kg per cubic metre, the 1% steel reinforcement means there will be 78 kg of steel per  cubic metre of volume of concrete.
  • The values of usual percentage of steel assumed for various items will be as shown below:3
  • The quintal of binding wire for reinforced steel is usually assumed as 1 to 1.3 kg per quintal of steel reinforcement.
  • Due allowance is to be made for wastage of steel which is 5 to 10%

Main Brick Work in Superstructure

  • In order to calculate the quantities of materials required for brick work in cement mortar, it is necessary to decide the size of the bricks to be used in the masonry.
  • The size of the conventional or traditional bricks vary from 8 3/4″ x 3 3/16″ x 2 5/8″ (i.e. 22.23 cm x 10.64 cm x 6.67 cm) to 9″ x 4 1/2″ x 3″ (i.e. 22.86 cm x 11.43 cm x 7.62 cm)
  • The new I.S. size brick i.e. modular brick is actual 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm with a frog of 10 cm x 4 cm x 1 cm size.
  • Normally, the mortar joint is taken as 1 cm throughout, therefore, the normal size of brick will be 20 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm.

Therefore, Volume of one I.S. size brick, with thickness of joint as 1 cm = 0.20 x 0.1 x 0.1 = 0.002 cum.

Therefore, For 1 cum. of brick work, the total number of I.S. size (i.e. modular) bricks required = 1 cum. /0.002 = 500 Nos.

Therefore, Adding 5% towards wastage = 25

Therefore, Total number of I.S. bricks required = 525 Nos.

Now,

Quantity or volume of wet mortar required = (Total volume of brick work) – (Volume occupied by 500 bricks of 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm size)

= (1 – 500 x 0.19 x 0.09 x 0.09) cum

= 1 – 0.7695

=0.2305 cum.

In order to allow for mortar for filling the frog, bonding and wastage during its use, 10% is to be added.

Therefore, Volume of wet mortar required = 0.2305 + 0.10 x 0.2305

= 0.235 cum.

Therefore, Dry volume of mortar required = 1.25 x 0.235

= 0.316 = 0.30

i.e. Approximately for 1 cum. of brick work, 30% of the dry mortar will be required.

Calculations of materials for 1 cum. of brick work in C.M. (1:6) with traditional size bricks 9″ x 4.375″ x 2.75″ (i.e. 22.86 cm x 11.11 cm x 6.985 cm)

Assuming thickness of joint as 1 cm throughout, the nominal size of traditional bricks = 23.86 cm x 12.11 cm x 7.985 cm

Therefore, Volume of one traditional size brick with 1 cm as thickness of joint = (0.2386 x 0.1211 x 0.07985) cum. = 0.002307 cum.

Number of traditional bricks required for 1 cum. of brickwork = 1/0.002307

= 433 Nos.

Add 5% towards wastage = 22

Therefore, Total number of traditional bricks required = 455 Nos.

Now, Value of wet mortar required = 1 – 433 x (0.2286 x 0.1111 x 0.06985)

= 1 – 0.77

= 0.23 cum. which is practically same as derived above

Therefore, Adding 10% extra for wastage = 0.023 cum.

Therefore, Wet volume of mortar required = 0.253 cum.

Therefore, Dry volume required = 1.25 (wet volume)

= 1.25 x 0.253

=0.316 cum. = 0.30 cum.

i.e. approximately 30% of dry volume of mortar is required for constructing 1 cum. of brick work. Further, knowing the proportion of cement mortar the quantities of cement (in bags) and sand can be worked out as usual.

e.g. knowing the proportion of the cement mortar, the quantities of cement and sand required can be  determined as follows.

For cement mortar (1:6) proportion,

Quantity of cement required = (Dry volume of mortar)/(1+6) = (0.316/7)

= 0.045 cum. = 0.045 x 30 = 1.35 bags of cement

and, Quantity of sand required = (0.316/7) x 6 = 0.2708 cum. = 0.27 cum.

Approximate method:

The above quantities can be determined by an approximate method as follows:

For 1 cum. of brick work divide 0.3 by the sum of the proportion of the material to obtain the quantity of cement in cubic metre

i.e. Quantity of cement required = (0.3)/(1+6) = 0.3/7 = 0.043 cum.

But as certain amount of cement will be required to fill the voids in the sand, add 0.002 cubic metre extra.

Therefore, Quantity of cement required = 0.043 + 0.002 = 0.045 cum. which is same as above

Therefore, Number of cement bags required = 0.045 x 30 = 11.35 bag

and, Quantity of sand required = 0.045 x 6 = 0.27 cum.

Plain Cement Concrete (P.C.C)

  1. The materials required for preparation of cement concrete are cement, sand (i.e. fine aggregates) and ballast (i.e. coarse aggregates) which are to be mixed in the predetermined proportion.
  2. The voids in the coarse aggregates are filled by fine aggregates and that in the fine aggregates are filled with by cement paste (i.e. cement and water).
  3. Thus the wet volume of the cement concrete (i.e. when water is added to the dry cement concrete mix) will always be less than its corresponding dry volume (i.e. sum of total volume of each ingredient added together).
  4. It has been observed that in order to prepare 1 cum. of wet cement concrete, the corresponding dry volume required is about 1.52 cum.
  5. Knowing the mix of the cement concrete (i.e. 1:4:8 or 1:3:6 or 1:2:4 etc.) the ingredient materials required can be determined as follows:

To determine the materials required for 1 cum. of (wet) concrete of 1:4:8 proportion, the dry volume of concrete required will be 1.52 cum. (which shrinks to 1 cum. after adding of water to it)1

As 1 cum. of cement is equivalent to 30 bags of cement (each bag weighing 50 kg)

The quantity of cement required = 0.117 x 30 = 3.51 bags = 3.50 bags.

2

The following table gives the quantities of materials required for cement concrete of various proportion (i.e. mix) by volume.

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Labor Requirements for Different Items of Works

The Report of Productivity project of National Building Organization (N.B.O.) New Delhi specifies the labor requirements of various categories for different items of work as follows:

  • Excavation and Earth Work

1

  • Concreting

2

  • Placing the concrete in position

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  • Form work for concrete

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  • Brick work

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  • Stone masonry

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  • Wood work and joinery

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  • Flooring

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  • Plastering and pointing

11

  • White washing, Color washing, Distempering

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Damp Proof Course (D.P.C)

Damp Proof Course (D.P.C)

  • Damp proof course about 25 mm thickness in cement concrete (1:1.5:3 or 1:2:4) combined with standard water proofing agent is applied evenly to the entire width of plinth level and is measured by multiplying the length of the D.P. course by its width in square metres. D.P.C. is not to be applied at the verandah openings, sills of the  doors, etc. for which necessary deductions are to be made from the measured quantity.
  • The D.P.C. in horizontal and vertical directions are to be measured separately.
  • Guniting: Full description of the item shall be specified mentioning the thickness. The item shall be measured in square metres.
Materials

Materials

  • Bricks and tiles shall be taken in numbers stating the size and quality under the different classification as first class, second class, etc.
  • Bricks are stacked by 1000 in each stack and stacks are numbered and the number of stacks are entered in the measurement book.
  • The following materials shall be taken in cu.m. and measurement shall be taken in bottomless boxes or ‘firmas’ or closed packed stacks prepared on level ground, stating the size, gauge, quality, type, etc.
  • Sand, surkhi, cinder, bajri, kankar, lime, brick ballast, brick bats, boulder, stone ballasts, kankar, gravel, shingle, stone grit, etc. Different item of materials shall be taken separately.
  • White lime or stone lime slaked or unslaked shall be measured by weight in kg or quintal and described. Slaked lime may also be measured in cu.m. if specified.
  • Cement shall be measured by weight in 50 kg bag in quintal or tonne. Loose cement in small quantities shall be measured by weight in kg.
  • Breaking of stone, brick, etc., shall be measured in cu.m. in bottomless box or stacks as in road metal stating the size and shall include stacking.
  • Screening of ballast, grit, sand, etc., shall be measured in cu.m.
  • Steel of small sizes or sections of steel are measured by weight in kg or quintal by actual weighing.
  • Large sizes or sections of steel are measured in length and weight is calculated in kg or quintal from steel section book by multiplying the weight per metre by the length.
Dismantling and Demolition

Dismantling and Demolition

  • The term dismantling implies carefully taking up or down and removing carefully without damage.
  • The term demolition implies taking up or down or breaking up without any care.
  • The units and methods of measurement of dismantling and demolition shall be generally the same as those employed for the construction of the respective item of work.
  • Full description of work including necessary precautions and protections required shall be stated.
  • Parts of work required to be dismantled and those required to be demolished, shall be measured separately.
  • The description shall also include separation and stacking of serviceable materials and disposals of unserviceable materials within 30 m.
  • Thickness of plaster shall be excluded in the measurement of wall.
  • Dismantling of doors and windows shall be enumerated stating their size.
  • Repairs: –

(a) The units and methods of measurement for repair works shall generally be the same as those employed for the construction of the item of work.

Electrical work

Electrical work

  • Electrical wiring shall be taken in points as light point, fan point, plug point, etc., and shall be enumerated under different items and fully described.
  • Wiring in different systems such as Tough rubber sheeted (T.R.S) on battens, Vulcanized insulated rubber (V.I.R.) in casing or capping, Vulcanized insulated rubber (V.I.R.) in conduits, etc., shall be fully described and taken separately.
  • These shall be further classified according to the size of the cable used, number of wire and size in the cable shall be described under each classification.
  • Point wiring shall include all work necessary in complete wiring of a tumbler switch circuit and length from the tapping point on the distribution circuit to the various points as ceiling rose, lamp holder, back plate, call bell, etc., via the switch.
  • Point wiring shall include switch, ceiling rose, wood and metal blocks, switch boards, battens, clips, nails, screws, joint and junction boxes, bulk head fittings, earth wire, etc.
  • Lamps, brackets, lamp holders, shades, sockets, outlets, fans, regulators, call bells, fuses, main switch boards, etc., shall not be included in the point wiring but shall be enumerated separately and fully described.
  • Classification: –

Point wiring shall be classified according to the length of wiring as

Short points

Not exceeding 3 m in length

Medium points

3 to 6 m in length

Long points

6 to 10 m in length

Special Points

Length exceeding 10m
  • Circuit wiring: –

(a) The length of wiring from the main switch board to the sub-main board shall be considered as circuit wiring and shall be measured separately in running metre stating the type and size of wire.

  • Service connection: –

(a) Service connection shall be fully described stating the type and size of the wire and shall be measured as follows

Insulated cables

In running metre

Bare cables

In kg or quintal

(b) All over-head bare wire or cables shall be measured in kg of the actual length fixed.

(c) Pole and struts for over-head links shall be enumerated and described stating the type, sectional size, girth or diameter and the total length.

(d) Steel brackets, cross-arms, clamps, etc., fixed to poles and struts shall be fully described and enumerated under separate item.

(e) Stay assemblies shall be enumerated and fully described including excavation, concrete, etc.

(f) Earthing poles and service connections shall be enumerated and fully described as including earth electrode, packing charcoal, earth wire, etc.

Sanitary and Water Supply Works

Sanitary and Water Supply Works

  • All pipes and fitting should be classified according to their types, diameters, jointing and fixing.
  • Pipes of different types and different types of joints shall be taken separately.
  • The diameter shall be the nominal diameter of the internal bore.
  • Pipes shall be measured in running meter net as laid or fixed with overall fittings such as bends, junctions, etc., which shall not be measured separately.
  • The length shall be measured along the centre line of the pipes and fittings.
  • Methods of laying and jointing shall be fully described.
  • Testing of pipe line shall be included in the item.
  • Leads caulked joints shall be enumerated separately.
  • Digging and refilling of trenches, concrete bedding, etc., shall be either measured separately or clubbed with the main item.
  • Usually for small diameter pipes the digging and refilling, timbering if required, concrete bedding, etc., are included with the main item and fully described.
  • Fitting and appliances: –

(a) Gullies, syphons, intercepting traps, etc., including concrete bedding and setting in position shall be enumerated stating the size.

(b) Connection of fittings, elbows, bends, tees, connectors, unions, diminishing sockets and the like shall be enumerated.

(c) Cutting through walls, floors, etc., and making good shall be included with the item.

(d) Closet pans, urinals, flushing cisterns, lavatory basins, bath tubs, shower rose and other fittings shall be enumerated stating the size and fully described.

(e) Sluice valves, stop cocks, hydrants, surface boxes, water meters, etc., shall be described stating size and enumerated.

(f) Bib-cocks, pillar cocks, ball cocks, ferrules, grating, etc., shall be described stating the size and enumerated.

(g) Boilers, cisterns, cylinders, water tanks, etc., shall be enumerated stating the size, capacity, materials, etc., and fully described.

  • Manholes: –

(a) Manholes up to 6m depth shall be enumerated stating the size and depth and shall include cast iron cover with frame (weight to be stated), foot iron, inverts, materials and mortar, framework, etc., all of which shall be fully described.

(b) Manholes shall be classified under three different groups as follows: –

Shallow

Up to 2.1m in depth

Deep

Above 2.1m and up to 4.2m in depth
Extra Deep

Above 4.2m and up to 6.0m in depth

(c) Manholes under each classification shall be enumerated separately stating the size and least depth and the extra depth shall be measured in running metre and totaled up separately for each classification and taken as ‘extra over’ under separate item following the main item.

(d) Depth shall be from the top of manhole to the invert of channel.

(e) Manholes exceeding 6 m in depth shall be measured in details under the various items of works, brickworks, concrete, C.I. cover with frame, etc.

Painting

Painting

  • Painting shall be taken in sq.m. stating the number of coats and measurement shall be taken flat.
  • Preparatory work as cleaning, rubbing down, removing, burning off, etc., shall be described.
  • Different types of surfaces as steel, wood, fiber, board, concrete surface, etc., shall be measured under separate item.
  • Painting in large area as roof, ceiling, etc., shall be kept separate and painting of small area as doors and windows, steel works, etc., shall each be taken under separate item.
  • Corrugated surfaces shall be measured flat in sq.m. and percentage increase similar to white washing, etc., shall be added.
  • Doors and windows: –

(a) Painting of door and window shall be measured closed and flat, not girthed in sq.m. and shall include chaukhats, edges, cleats, etc.

(b) Different types of doors and windows as battened, paneled, glazed, etc., shall be grouped under one item and the areas of uneven surfaces shall be covered into equivalent plain area by multiplying the flat measured area by a multiplying factor.

(c) The coefficients or multiplying factors for different surfaces to get equivalent plain area are as given below: –

Particulars

Method of Measurement

Multiplying Factor

Doors and windows
1. Paneled, framed, and braced, ledged and battened, ledged battened and braced. Measured flat not girthed including chaukhats, edges chocks, cleats, etc., shall be included in the item. 1 1/8 (for each side)
2. Fully glazed or gauged Same as above ½ (for each side)
3. Part paneled and part glazed or gauged Same as above 1 (for each side)
4. Flush door Same as above 1 (for each side)
5. Flush venetioned or louvered Same as above 1 ½ (for each side)

Miscellaneous works
6. Boarding with cover fillets and match boarding Measured flat not girthed 1 1/20 (for each side)
7. Roof battens (tile or slate roof) Measured flat overall, no deduction for open spaces ¾ (for painting all over)
8. Trallies or jaffri work one way or two way Same as for (6) above. (Supporting members shall not be measured separately) 2 (for painting all over)
9. Guard bars, balustrates, grating, railings, grills, expanded metals, etc. Measured flat overall no deduction for open spaces 1 (for painting all over)
10. Corrugated iron sheeting in roof Measured flat not girthed 1.14 (for each side)
11. A.C. corrugated sheeting in roof Measured flat not girthed 1.20 (for each side)
12. A.C. semi corrugated sheeting in roof Measured flat not girthed 1.10 (for each side)
13. Steel rolling shutters Measured flat not girthed 1 ¼ (for each side)
  • Painting up to 15 cm in width or in girth and not in conjunction with similar work shall be measured in running meter.
  • Painting on components of trusses, compound girders, stanchions, lattices and similar work shall be taken in sq.m. and measurement of perimeter and length shall be taken to get the area.
  • Painting on caves, gutters, pipes, steel poles, etc., shall be measured in running meters stating the size and girth.
  • Small articles, up to 0.1 sq.m., painted surface shall be enumerated and described.
  • Painting of furniture shall be enumerated and fully described.
  • Coal tarring shall be measured similar to painting.
  • Varnishing of wood work shall be measured in the same way as for painting.
  • Painting of letters or figures and similar items shall be enumerated stating height, form and style, namely block italics, etc. Stops, commas, hyphens and the like shall be deemed included in the item.
White Washing, Color Washing and Distempering

White Washing, Color Washing and Distempering

  • All works falling under this shall be taken in sq.m.
  • Preparation of surface as cleaning, brooming, scraping, etc., shall be included in the item.
  • The items shall include repairs of surfaces as holes, cracks, patches, etc., not exceeding 0.1 sq.m. with materials similar to existing surface.
  • Different types of work shall be measured separately and described.
  • Deduction shall be dealt in the same way as for plastering.
  • Finishing coat on corrugated surface shall be measured flat as fixed in sq.m. and not girthed and the quantities so measured shall be increased by the following percentages and added with the measured area: –
Corrugated iron sheet       14%
Corrugated asbestos cement sheet with large corrugations (as Big six sheets)      20%
Semi – corrugated asbestos cement sheets (as Trafford sheets)     10%
  • Cornices and moldings, when these are not taken as separate item, shall be girthed and included in the wall measurement.
Plastering and Pointing

Plastering and Pointing

Plastering:

  • Plastering shall be taken in sq.m. stating thickness, mortar and its mix.
  • Plastering of roofs, ceilings, walls, etc., shall be measured under separate items.
  • The measurement of all plastering shall be taken for the dimensions before plastering for length and from top to floor or skirting to the ceiling for height.
  • Exterior plastering to a height greater than 10m from average ground level shall be measured separately in stages of 3 m.
  • Plastering bands 30 cm or below shall be measured separately in running metre.
  • Deductions:
  • No deductions shall be made for ends of joists, beams, posts, etc., and openings not exceeding 0.5 sq.m. each and no addition shall be made for reveals, jambs, soffits, sills, etc. of these openings nor finishing plaster around ends of joists, beams, posts, etc.
  • For openings exceeding 0.5 sq.m. but not exceeding 3 sq.m. each deduction shall be made for one face only, and the other face shall be allowed for jambs, soffits and sills which shall not be measured.
  • When the two faces are plastered with different mortar or if one side is plastered the other pointed, deduction shall be made on the side of chaukhats of door and windows on which the width of jambs or reveals is less than on the side. (usually, deduction should be made for the outer face only)
  • In case of openings of area above 3 sq.m., each deduction shall be made for both faces of the openings, and the jambs and sills shall be measured and added. In taking measurement of jambs, soffits and sills, chaukhats if any shall be neglected and the whole faces shall be measured.
  • Molded cornices and caves shall be measured in running metre stating the girth and shall be fully described.

Pointing:

  • Pointing shall be taken in sq.m. and measured of the whole surface area stating the type of pointing, mortar and its mix.
  • Various types of pointing as, struck flush, keyed truck, etc., shall each be taken separately.
  • Pointing of wall, floor, roof, etc., shall be kept separate.
  • Raking of joints shall be included in the item.
  • Deductions shall be dealt in the same way as in plastering.
Floors and Paving

Floors and Paving

  • Floors and pavement shall be measured in sq.m. and net area covered shall be measured stating the thickness, kind of materials, size, mortar and its mix.
  • The method of bedding, jointing and surface finishing shall be described including the formwork.
  • Different kind of flooring as brick flat, brick on-edge stone, marble, cement concrete, mosaic, terrazzo, etc., shall be taken under separate item.
  • The surface finishing of cement concrete floor shall be measured in sq.m. separately unless otherwise stated and fully described.
  • In practice the surface finishing of cement concrete floor with floating coat of neat cement is usually included in the item.
  • The rubbing and polishing of mosaic, terrazzo, marble or stone floor are usually, included in the item.
  • Pointing of brick floor shall be measured in sq.m. separately unless otherwise stated.
  • Under layer of lime concrete, or cement concrete sand, etc., shall be described and measured separately in cu.m. unless otherwise stated.
  • Skirting and dado – Skirting up to 30 cm in height shall be measured in running metre and skirting or dado exceeding 30 cm shall be measured in sq.m. stating the type of finish.
Ceiling

Ceiling

  • Ceiling shall be taken in sq.m. and the materials thickness and the method of fixing shall be described.
  • No deduction shall be made for opening not exceeding 0.4 sq.m.
  • Different kind of ceiling shall be kept separate.
  • Cover fillets or beading over joints shall be measured separately in running metre stating the materials width and thickness.
  • If the edges of fillets are chamfered or rounded or molded, this shall be described.
  • Supporting member shall be measured separately under the respective items.
  • Insulation layer, boards or slabs in walls or roof shall be taken in sq.m. stating the materials, number of layers, thickness of each layer and the manner of fixing.
Steel and iron work

Steel and iron work

  • In general, steel and iron work shall be measured by weight in quintal and fully described.
  • Various items of rolled steel sections as joints, channels, angles, tees, mild steel rounds, slats, bolts, cast iron, wrought iron, etc., shall be measured under separate items.
  • Structural steel works:

(a) Structural steel works as girders, compound girders, plate and lattice girders, steel stanchions, trusses, framed steel work, etc., shall each be taken under separate item and measured in quintal and fully described.

(b) No deduction shall be made for rivet and bolt holes.

(c) In riveted work, the weight of rivet heads, except in case of countersunk rivets, shall be added.

(d) The weights of cleats, brackets, packing pieces, separators, gusset and fish plates, bolts and nuts, rivet heads, etc., shall be added to the weight of the respective items.

(e) The work shall include fabrication, hoisting, placing, fixing in position.

(f) Site drilling to existing steel work shall be enumerated stating the diameter of bolts and thickness of metal.

(g) Rivets driven at site shall be enumerated as ‘extra over’.

  • Bolts:

(a) Bolts, holding down bolts, anchor bolts, etc. shall be measured in quintal separately including nuts and head, and washers shall be grouped according to the diameter.

(b) Grills grating, framed guard bars, ladders, brackets, etc., shall be measured in quintals separately and shall be fully described.

(c) If specified grills, grating, etc., may be taken in sq.m. and fully described.

(d) Iron hold fasts shall be taken by weight in quintal, or enumerated stating the length, breadth and thickness of flat iron.

(e) The method of fixing with bolt of screw and embedding in cement concrete or cement mortar shall be described and included in the item.

(f) Flue pipes shall be measured in running metre stating the diameter and the type of pipe, gauge or weight per unit length and method of jointing and fixing shall be described.

(g) Cast iron balusters and newels shall be enumerated and fully described including the methods of fixing.

(h) Cast iron railings shall be measured in running metre stating the height and fully described including the method of fixing.

  • Spiral staircase:

(a) Cast iron spiral staircase shall be enumerated (i.e., counted as one for complete work) stating the overall diameter, total number of treads and total height above ground level.

(b) The description shall include tread, riser and sleeves in one piece, including hand rails, balusters, etc.

(c) Cast iron chequered plates shall be described and measured in quintal.

(d) Expanded metal, wire netting, etc., shall be measured in sq.m. stating gauge and mesh.

(e) No deduction shall be made for opening up to 0.2 sq.m.

(f) Different items shall be kept separate.

  • Steel reinforcement:

(a) Bar reinforcement shall be measured by weight in quintal stating the diameter and shall include cutting to length, hooked ends, cranking or bending, etc.

(b) Authorized overlaps shall be measured.

(c) Different diameter bars shall be kept separate.

(d) Binding wire shall not be measured separately, this shall be included in the item.

(e) Fabric reinforcement shall be taken in sq.m. stating the mesh and size of standard.

(f) Wire netting in wrappings to steel work embedded in concrete or plaster, in encasing steel work shall be measured separately in sq.m. stating the mesh and gauge.

(g) Hoop iron shall be measured in running metre stating the width and gauge.

Woodwork

Woodwork

  • Carpenter’s work:

(a) Generally, all woodwork of which the scantling exceeds 20 sq.cm. in section and which is not specially molded or carved comes under carpenter’s work.

(b) This includes all timber work in door and window chaukhats, in roof works as beams, struts, ties, rafters, purlins, (all work in roof trusses), in timber bridge, in verandah posts, in centering and shuttering, in shoring and the like.

  • Joinery:

(a) Woodwork which is prepared, turned, molded, carved and jointed together comes under joinery.

(b) Joiner’s work requires finishing and putting together at the bench and includes door and window shutters, framed partitions, furniture and the like.

Carpenter’s work

  • Different kind of wood and different nature of woodwork shall be taken under separate item and shall be fully described stating thee wood and the work.
  • Woodwork (carpenter’s work) shall be taken in cu.m.
  • Length shall be measured to nearest 2 cm.
  • Width and thickness shall be measured to the nearest 2 mm.
  • All works shall be measured net as fixed and tolerance of 2 mm may be allowed.
  • No allowance shall be made for the sawn or wrought faces for the finished work.
  • Scantling, battens, etc., in sections other than rectangular, shall be measured as the least rectangular form which the section can be obtained.
  • All woodwork shall include nails, screws, spikes, etc., required for fixing.
  • Boarding:

(a) Roof boarding, ceiling, floor, shelves, partitions, etc., shall be taken in sq.m. stating the finished thickness and shall be fully described.

(b) Supporting beams, frame work, shall be taken separately in cu.m.

  • Centering and shuttering:

(a) Normally, centering and shuttering (formwork) shall not be measured separately but included in the rate of C.C. or R.C.C. work.

(b) If specified that the formwork shall be paid separately, the formwork shall be measured as the actual surface contact with the concrete and taken in sq.m. and shall include planking, beams, props, wedges, nails, etc.

(c) Formwork of different kind of works as beams, lintels, floors, roofs, walls, columns, staircases, etc., shall be measured under separate items and fully described.

(d) For slabs, chujjas, arches, shells and domes only the area of bottom shuttering in contact with concrete surface shall be measured and side shuttering shall not be taken into account.

  • Roof battens:

(a) Roof battens, where not included with the item of roof, shall be taken as surface area of the roof in sq.m. stating the size of battens and the spacing.

  • Fillets:

(a) Fillets, beadings, etc., shall be measured in running meter stating the width and thickness.

(a) Finishing of fillet as edge chamfered, rounded or molded shall be described.

  • Ballies:

(a) Ballies shall be measured in running meter stating the mean diameter which shall be average of the two diameters at the ends.

  • Wood piles:

(a) Wood piles shall be measured in running meter stating the size.

(b) Steel shoes and heads of piles shall be enumerated separately stating their weights.

  • Sheet piles shall be measured separately in sq.m. stating the thickness and shall be described.
  • Driving and pitching of whole piles shall be taken in running meter and sheet piles should be taken in sq.m. stating the size in each case.
  • Portion in ground shall only be measured.

 

Joinery

  • Description and quality and kind of wood shall be stated and joinery of different kind of work shall be taken under separate items.
  • Joinery work shall be taken in sq.m. of the surface stating the thickness.
  • All joiner’s work shall include nails, screws, keys, wedges, pins, glue, etc., required for fitting and all fittings shall be included in item.
  • Unless work is described as finished sizes, 2 mm shall be allowed for each wrought face.
  • Door and window shutters:

(a) Shutter shall be taken in sq.m. stating the thickness and the kind of wood and both faces shall be described.

(b) Measurement shall be taken from inside after closing the shutters excluding chaukhats.

(c) Different types of shutters are:

(d) Ledged and battened,

(e) Ledged, braced and battened,

(f) Framed, ledged braced and battened,

(g) Framed and paneled,

(h) Framed and louvered,

(i) Flush,

(j) Glazed,

(k) Part paneled and part glazed, etc., shall be taken separately and each type fully described.

  • Thickness of battened leave shall be the thickness of battens only, not the combined thickness of battens and ledges, the thickness of ledges and braces shall be stated in the description.
  • Glazed shutters shall be measured flat over all in sq.m. including the timber frame work, stating the thickness of timber frame and of glass panes.
  • Glazing shall not be measured separately.
  • The method of fixing glass panes as puttied, felted, wooden beading fitted with nails, screws, etc., shall be described and different type of fixing shall be measured under separate item.
  • Part paneled and part glazed shutters, shall be measured flat over all in sq.m. and how much part glazed as half, one-third, etc., shall be stated.
  • Glass panes:

(a) For supply, glass panes shall be measured in sq.m. stating the thickness and type of glass.

(b) Measurement, length and breadth, shall be taken to the nearest 5 mm.

(c) Irregular or circular panes shall be measured at the smallest rectangular area from which they can be cut unless otherwise specified.

  • Door and window chaukhats:

(a) Chaukhats, mullion and transoms shall be taken in cu.m. and the length of tenon, horns, etc., shall be added to the sight lengths.

(b) The sectional area shall be the area of the least square and rectangle from which they may be cut or made.

(c) Rebates, beads, chambers, etc., shall be described and included with the item.

(d) Portion of chaukhats of segmental or circular shape shall be measured separately and described.

(e) Type of wood shall be stated and chaukhats of different kind of wood shall be kept separate.

  • Wooden staircase:

(a) Work of staircase shall be measured under separate heading.

(b) Landing including bearers shall be measured under a separate item in sq.m. of the upper surface, stating the thickness.

(c) Treads and risers shall be taken in sq.m. stating thickness, the area being obtained by multiplying the length of tread by the exposed width of the tread plus the rise from step to step and the work shall be described stating the kind of timber’s method of jointing, fixing, etc.

(d) Hand rails shall be taken in running meter and measured along the top centre line stating the extreme section of the straight portions and molding and rounding.

(e) Balusters shall be taken in numbers stating the size and shall include framing, at ends shall be fully described.

(f) Newels shall be described and measured in running meters stating the section and nature of finishing.

  • Miscellaneous items:

(a) Towel rails, contain brackets, plate racks, toilet fixtures, small fittings, furniture, etc., shall be taken in numbers stating the size and shall be fully described.

  • Builder’s hardware:

(a) Builder’s hardware is the trade name of the articles made of base metal as iron, steel, copper, etc.

(b) The various kinds of builder’s hardware shall be described and enumerated and taken separately according to the materials, finish, size and pattern.

(c) The following articles comes under builder’s hardware: –

-Hinges, door handles, hasp and staples, locks, hat pegs, hat and coat hooks, wardrobe hooks, knobs, springs, screwed eyes, cleats, latches, bolts and the like.

-Curtain rods or poles, curtain rails, rails for running sashes, etc., shall be measured in running meter stating diameter and size.

  • Glazing:

(a) Glazing shall be measured in sq.m. stating the quality, weight and thickness.

(b) The method of glazing and fixing with putty, wooden beads, metal beads, etc., shall be fully described.

(c) Different kind of glass and different methods of fixing each shall be taken separately.

Stone Masonry

Stone Masonry

  • The description of stone, materials of mortar and their proportions, and the nature and type of walling shall be stated.
  • Different kind of stone masonry as Random or Uncoursed rubble walling, coursed rubble walling, ashlar walling, etc., shall be taken under separate items.
  • Stone masonry work shall be taken in cu.m.
  • The thickness of wall shall be measured to the nearest 1 cm, fractions including 0.5 cm and above shall be measured as 1 cm and fractions below 0.5 cm shall be ignored.
  • Rules for deduction, measurement of an arch work and other items of stone masonry shall be same as for the similar items of brickwork.
  • Stone face work or wall lining shall be described and taken in sq.m. stating the thickness.
  • Stone chujjas, stone shelves, stone sun – shades and stone, slabs, shall be taken in sq.m. stating the thickness and described including dressing, etc.
  • Dressed stone work in sills, steps, columns, copings, lintels, etc., shall be taken in cu.m. and the type of dressing shall be described fully.
  • Each dressed stone shall be measured as the smallest rectangular dressed block from which finished dressed block can be worked.
  • String course, cornices, etc., shall be measured in running metre describing details of sections.
  • Boulder work shall be taken in cu.m. stating the size of boulders.
  • Different kind and nature of boulder work shall be taken under separate item.

The stone masonry in uncoursed rubble or coursed rubble, etc. shall be measured separately in cubic metres. Usually stone masonry in foundation and up to plinth (if of the same type) is included under one item and the masonry in superstructure is considered as separate item. For multi-storeyed buildings, the masonry at each floors is to be measured separately.

The procedure of calculating the net quantity of stone masonry is to assume all walls as solid and to calculate its cubic contents, and then deductions are to be made for the various openings such as doors, windows, ventilators, etc.

The rules of deduction for the openings in stone masonry are same as for openings in the brick work already explained in the topic ‘Brick Work’

The stone work for sill and parapet copings are measured in running meters, specifying the item fully in the description column.

The face stone work for weather sheds, shelves, slabs, etc. are measured in square metre.

 

Brick Work

Brick Work

  • The description of the bricks, and the materials of mortar with proportion shall be stated.
  • Different kind and classes of brickwork shall be taken under the separate items.
  • The brickwork of foundation and plinth, of first floor, of second floor, etc. shall be measured under separate items.
  • Scaffolding works are not measured separately but included in the item of brickwork.
  • Brickwork shall be taken in cu.m. and measurements of length, breadth or thickness and height shall be taken to compute the quantity.
  • The length and height shall be measured to the nearest 1 cm.
  • Thickness of wall:

(a) Brick walls up to and including three bricks in thickness shall be measured in multiples of half brick, which shall be deemed to be inclusive of the mortar joint.

(b) The following shall be taken as half brick measurement: –

Capture.JPG

(c) For walls which are more than three brick in thickness, the actual thickness shall be measured to the nearest 1 cm (½”).

(d) Where fractions of half brick occur due to architectural or other reasons, the measurements shall be taken as follows: –

-For fractions of 2 cm under actual measurement.

-For fraction exceeding 2 cm – full half brick.

  • Deduction:

(a) No deduction or addition shall be made for the following: –

-Opening up to 0.1 sq.m. in section.

-Ends of joints, beams, lintels, posts, rafters, purlins, corbels, steps, etc.

-Wall plates and bed plates, bearing of slabs, chujjas and the like where the thickness does not exceed 10 cm and the bearing does not extend over the full width (thickness) of wall.

  • Partition wall or half brick wall shall be taken in sq.m.

 

The size of the bricks, its type, thickness of the joints, bond, etc., and the proportion of mortar shall be specified in the description of the item.

The main brick work is measured in cubic metres, and brick work in partition i.e., one brick thickness is measured in square meter specifying its thickness. Brick masonry in foundation and up to plinth is included under one item and the brickwork in superstructure is measured separately. In case of multi-storeyed building, the brick work of each floor is to be measured separately as the rates of the item go on increasing from ground floor to subsequent higher floors.

The general procedure of calculating the quantities of brick work in superstructure is to assume all walls as solid and find out its cubic contents, and  then allow for the deductions for openings into it. Example: doors, windows, ventilators, lintels, etc. Different types of brick work with different proportion of mortar, etc. shall be measured separately.

Honey combed brick work is measured separately, specifying the thickness in square metres, no deductions being made for the holes in it.

Rules for deductions to be made for openings in brick wall are as follows:

  • No deductions are to be made for openings up to 0.1 square metre areas, ends of beams, rafter, purlins, etc., up to 0.05 square metre in areas and wall plate, bed plates, etc., up to 100 mm depth.
  • Full deductions are to be made for the rectangular openings by multiplying the length of the opening by its width and the thickness of the wall.
  • The brick work in arches is to be measured separately.
  • For lintels over openings, the length of the lintel is found out by adding twice the thickness for bearing to the clear span.

Thus the quantity of deduction to be made shall be equal to:

(l + 2t) x (Thickness of lintel) x (Wall thickness)

where t = Thickness of lintel and l = Length of  the opening.

It may be noted that lintels also from separate item to be measured in cubic metres. the quantity being equal to = (l + 2t) x t x Wall thickness

Brick work in columns and pillars shall be described fully and shall be measured separately in cubic metres.

Circular brick work above 6 m radius shall be measured in the general item of brick work in cubic metres.

Brick work in staircase, arches, etc. shall be measured separately in cubic metres.

Concrete

Concrete

  • For concrete kind, size, grading and proportion of materials, methods of mixing, cutting, etc., shall be described.
  • Different kinds of concrete work as Lime concrete, Cement concrete, Reinforced cement concrete, etc., of different proportion, different materials shall be taken under separate items.
  • Concrete foundation, roof, wall, mass concrete, etc., shall be classified and measured under separate items.
  • Concrete shall be taken in cu.m., and the measurements of length, breadth and height or thickness shall be taken to the nearest 1 cm, except that the thickness of slabs, partitions, post, beams, and the like shall be measured to the nearest 0.5 cm.
  • No deduction shall be made for opening up to 0.1 sq.m.
  • Formwork, centering and shuttering shall be taken under separate item in sq.m. unless otherwise herein provided.
  • Formwork shall be measured as the actual surface in contact with the concrete.
  • For slabs, vertical sides (edges) shall not be measured.
  • Fair finish to the exposed surface of concrete or hacking or roughening surfaces of concrete shall be included in the description and the thickness of finishing shall not be measured with the concrete.
  • Special finishes, except precast concrete shall be measured separately in sq.m.
  • C.C work:

(a) Reinforced cement concrete shall be kept separate from unreinforced concrete,

(b) C.C. work shall be taken in cu.m. excluding steel, and the steel reinforcement shall be measured under a separate item in quintal (cwt), authorized overlap hooks, cranks, etc. of bars shall be measured.

(c) Normally, centering and shuttering (formwork) shall not be measured separately but included in the rate of R.C.C. or C.C. work.

(d) Binding wire is not measured separately.

(e) The volume occupied by reinforcement shall not be deducted from the measured concrete volume.

(f) The item of R.C.C. work shall include R.C.C. slabs, beams, lintels, columns, chujjas, staircases, foundation, rafts and footings, etc. and each of them shall be classified under a separate item.

(g) The exposed surface shall be fair finished which shall not be measured separately.

(h) Chujjas may be measured in running meter stating the projection and its average thickness, if specified.

(i) Special light weight partitions shall be measured in sq.m. stating thickness and fully described.

  • Precast cement concrete:

Precast C.C. reinforced or plain shall be taken separately in cu.m. and shall be described as including all molds, finished faces hoisting and setting in position.

Reinforcement, if any, shall be described and included in the item, or measured separate if specified.

  • Expansion joints:

(a) Expansion joints in roofs, floors, walls, road, etc. shall be measured in running meter.

(b) The depth and width of joint, and materials used for filling shall be described.

  • Jallies:

(a) Jallies or Jafferies, louvers shall be described and thickness specified and taken in sq.m.

(b) Reinforcement shall be described and included in the item.

  • Concrete posts:

(a) Fencing posts, corner posts, struts, etc., shall be taken in cu.m. and reinforcement and formwork shall be included and described.

  • Concrete piles:

(a) Concrete piles shall be described and taken in cu.m. and classified according to the section and length.

(b) Steel reinforcement shall be included with the item and fully described.

(c) Heads and shoes of steel or iron shall be enumerated i.e., taken in numbers and weight of each stated.

(d) Pitching and driving of piles shall be enumerated stating size and length.

If specified, the driving of piles may be taken and measured in running metre for the portion driven below ground level.

  • Damp proof course:

(a) Damp proof course shall be fully described and taken in sq.m. stating the thickness.

(b) The item shall include formwork, finishing, levelling, curing, etc.

(c) The horizontal and vertical damp proof courses shall be measured separately.

It may be plain cement or reinforced cement concrete:

(a) Plain Cement Concrete (P.C.C.):

  • The item of foundation concrete is calculated in cubic metres, by multiplication of length, width and depth of concrete.
  • The length and width of the foundation concrete shall be same as for excavation item, only the depth or thickness of concrete being different.
  • The usual proportion of foundation plain cement concrete is 1:4:8 or 1:5:10 and its depth varies from 15 cm to 40 cm.

1.JPG

  • Foundation concrete may also be a lime concrete (i.e.,  instead of cement, lime will be used while preparing concrete).
  • Lime concrete in foundations is also to be measured in cubic metres.

(b) Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.):

  • The reinforced cement concrete may be required for slabs, beams, columns, footings and lintels, etc. and is measured in cubic metres.
  • R.C.C. slabs having depth less than 15 cm, R.C.C. partitions, pardi, jali, etc. are measured in square metres specifying the thickness in the description column.
  • The item of reinforced cement concrete is usually split up into three parts:
    • Concrete to be measured in cubic metres.
    • Form work:
      • Unless otherwise specified, it is to be measured separately.
      • The surface of the form work in contact with the concrete is usually measured in square metres.
    • Reinforcement:
      • Unless otherwise specified, the item of reinforcement is to be measured separately.
      • If the details of reinforcement bars are not shown on the structural drawings, then the item is measured as percentage of concrete in which it is embedded.
      • For slabs, it is usually assumed as 0.8% approximately, for beams it is usually taken as 1% approximately and for columns, it is taken as 1.5% approximately.
      • When the details of reinforcing bars are shown on the drawings, then knowing the total lengths of bars and their diameters, the total volume of steel required can be calculated.
      • This volume, when multiplied by its weight density, gives the total weight of steel reinforcement required.
  • In case of precast cement concrete, the item shall include moulds for its casting, reinforcement steel required and finishing, etc. according to the description specified for the item.
  • Hoisting and erection of items in position shall usually be included in the item.
  • Precast cement concrete items having small thickness, such as slabs up to 12 cm thickness, jali work, partition walls, etc, are measured in square metres.
  • Precast concrete units of uniform cross-section having long length such as columns, fencing poles, posts, beams, etc, are measured in number or running metres, specifying its sectional area in the description of the item.
  • Solid block work in precast concrete may be measured in cubic metres.
  • Stair-case in R.C.C. is usually measured in terms of number of steps specifying its dimensions in the description column.
  • Measurement of Concrete in Columns, Beams and Slabs:

i) Columns: The length or height of the column shall be measured from top of the footing on which column rests to the underside of the first slab for the ground floor and the top of the floor slab to the underside of the floor slab immediately above it. (see Fig. 3.6)

ii) Beams: The length of the beam shall be measured clearly between the two columns and shall be inclusive of haunches between columns and beams, if any. (See Fig. 3.7) 2.JPG

The depth of the ordinary beam shall be measured from the bottom of the beam to the bottom of the slab above it. In case of inverted beams, however, it is measured from top of the slab to the bottom of the beam.

iii) Slab: The depth of the slab shall be measured from the top of the slab to the top of the rectangular beam lying below it. (See Fig 3.7) In case of slab and T or L-beam, the common portion shall be measured in the T-beam.

iv) In case of concrete chajjas combined with lintels or beam, the common portion shall be included into lintel only. (See Fig. 3.9)1

The common portion at the junction of two similar members is usually included with only one item.

Example: In case of junction of column and beam, the common portion of the work is included in the column (See Fig. 3.6), and in case of slab and rectangular beam, the common portion is included in the slab (See Fig. 3.7), whereas in case of slab and T-beams (or L-beams), the common portion is to be included in the T (or L) beam. (See Fig. 3.8) and in case of lintel and chajja the portion common to it is measured in the lintel. (See Fig. 3.92

The item of reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.) work is usually divided into two parts i.e., the concrete work required inclusive of centering, shuttering, form work, etc. completely (excluding reinforcement) is measured as one item and the steel reinforcement required is considered as another separate item, no deductions being made for the space occupied by the steel from the volume of concrete. Binding wire required is to be included in this  item and separate measurements are required for it.

The quantity of concrete work in R.C.C. is calculated in cubic metres knowing the length, width, and depth of the concrete. The quantity  of reinforcement steel to be laid in position is also worked out from the details shown on the drawings, making due allowance for overlaps, hooks and cranks, etc. In the absence of such detailed reinforcement drawings, the quantity of reinforcement steel may be worked out approximately on the percentage of the volume of concrete as specified below:

For foundation footings = About 0.5% of volume of concrete

For column = About 1.2 to 2.5% of volume of concrete

For beam = About 1 to 1.5% of volume of concrete

For slab and lintels = About 0.8 to 0.9% of volume of concrete

A thin rich cement plaster may be applied to the exposed R.C.C. surfaces to give uniform smooth finished surface, without making separate item. No deduction shall be made for the volume of the reinforcing bar from the volume of concrete.

  • Determination of the Length of Reinforcement Bars:

Consider a bar with standard hook as shown in Fig. 3.10. The length of the hook = d + 4d+ 4d = 9d, where d represents the diameter of the bar.

Length of the straight bar of length L, with hook at both ends = L + 9d +9d = L + 18d

For a 45 degree bent up bar (Fig. 3.11),Capture.JPG

For 60 degree bent,1.JPG

  • Schedule of (Reinforcement) Bars:

It is usual practice to prepare a schedule of reinforcement bars which will be useful for bar bender and supervisors, etc. It contains of a list of reinforcement bars specified in a tabular form, indicating its diameter, shape of bending with neat sketches, length of each angle of bent, its total weight, etc. Such a schedule of bars is prepared separately for each type of R.C.C. work such as slabs, beams, columns, etc. From the schedule of bars, it is possible to determine the total requirement of reinforcement for that item of work with its length, diameter, etc. and accordingly the job of bending of bars, etc. as per the drawings can be carried out before it is placed in the position before casting of the member.

Some of the usual types of reinforcement bars with the length of hooks and the total length of the bar required are as mentioned below:23

 

Earthwork

Earthwork

  • Earthwork shall be taken in cu.m. and the length, breadth and height or depth shall be measured to get the cubic content.
  • Earthwork of different nature as in excavation in foundation, in trenches, etc., and in filling in plinth, in banking, etc., shall be measured under separate items.
  • Earthwork in different kinds of soil as ordinary soil, hard soil, ordinary rock, hard rock, etc., shall be classified separately and measured under separate item.
  • Excavation shall include throwing of the excavated earth at least one meter clear of the edge of excavation.
  • Dressing or trimming and leveling or grading, ramming and consolidation thickness of each layer, etc., shall be described and included in the item of earthwork.
  • Measurement of excavation or trenches or borrow pits shall be taken for average dimensions.
  • When the ground is fairly uniform ‘Deadman” or “Tell-Tales” which shall be left at suitable intervals to determine the average depth of excavation.
  • For uneven or sloping ground, diagonal ‘Tell-Tales’ shall be left.
  • No deduction shall be made for Deadman, Tell-Tales which shall be removed after the measurements have been taken and checking has been completed.
  • When the ground is very uneven, levels shall be taken before the start and after the completion of the earthwork by leveling instrument and the average depth of excavation or filling shall be determined from these levels.
  • Whenever it is not possible or convenient to make measurements from cutting, the filling or banking shall be measured and deduction for shrinkage or voids (settlement allowances) shall be made from actual measured cubic contents depending on the nature of the soil and methods of consolidation.
  • Generally, 10% deduction shall be made in caser of ordinary consolidated fills and in case of consolidation done by heavy machinery, a deduction of 5% shall be made.
  • Lead and lift:

(a) The measurement shall be taken separately for every 30 m lead or distance and every 1.5 m lift or height or depth.

(b) The lead shall be measured from the centre of the area of excavation to the centre of the area of spoil heap.

(c) Similarly, lift shall be measured from the centre of excavation to the centre of spoil heap.

(d) The normal rate is for each unit of 30 m lead and 1.5 m lift. For grater lead or lift, the rate shall be different for every unit of 30 m lead, and for every unit of 1.5 m lift.

  • Foundation trench:

(a) Unless otherwise specified, the foundation trench shall be measured in cu.m. for rectangular section, bottom width being width of concrete and the depth shall be measured as vertical depth even though the contractor might have excavated with sloping sides for convenience.

  • Return, fill and ram:

(a) Returning, filling and ramming excavated earth shall be taken in cu.m. under a separate item and shall include spreading in layers of 20 cm in depth, watering, ramming and leveling.

  • Puddling:

(a) Clay puddle work shall be taken in cu.m. and shall be described including supply of clay, its preparation, placing in layer of 15 cm, ramming, etc.

  • Surface dressing:

(a) Trimming and dressing of natural ground to remove vegetation and small irregularities not exceeding 15 cm deep shall be taken in sq.m. under a separate item ‘Surface Dressing’.

(b) Cutting down of trees exceeding 30 cm girth shall be accounted separately and enumerated i.e., taken in numbers, stating the girth at 1 m above ground and paid separately.

  • Surface excavation:

(a) Excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width as well as 10 sq.m. in plan but not exceeding 30 cm in depth shall be described as Surface excavation and measured in sq.m.

  • Pumping:

(a) When spring water requires pumping, the work of pumping and dewatering shall be taken under separate item.

  • Timbering:

(a) Timbering or ‘Planking and Strutting’ for protecting the sides of trench or loose earth, shall be measured in sq.m. of face supported, and shall be classified under separate items as: –

(b) Depth not exceeding 1.5 m,

(c) Depth exceeding 1.5 m but not exceeding 5 m,

(d) Depth exceeding 5 m.

(e) Timbering shall include all necessary timber work including walls, struts, poling boards, etc.

(f) Both sides of trench shall be taken as one side area and shall be equal to length x depth of timbering.

As per I.S. 1200 of 1974, the measurement of the item of earth work shall be carried out as follows:

  • Earth work in excavation and earthwork in filling or embankment are to be considered separately under different items and shall be measured in cubic metres by multiplying the length of excavation (or filling) by its width (or breadth) and the depth (or height). i.e., Quantity of earth work = L x B x D (or H) cubic metres subject to the dimensions of L,B and D (or H) as shown on the drawings.
  • It is necessary to record the measurement of excavation item separately for every additional 1.5 m  lift and also for additional different leads (i.e., disposing off the excavated material beyond the boundary of the proposed work) as the rates of excavation will vary according to different lifts and leads.
  • As the same excavated material is usually used for ‘back filling’ (i.e., return fill and ramming the portion of the gap between the original portion of the excavated ground and the completed masonry in foundations) no separate provision is necessary for this work.
  • In case of sand filling in plinth, this item is to be taken separately and measured in cubic metres.
  • The Excavation in different soil strata is usually classified as follows:
  1. Ordinary loose soft soil
  2. Hard soil
  3. Soft murum
  4. Hard murum
  5. Soft rock
  6. Hard rock requiring blasting
  7. Hard rock requiring chiseling
  • Usually shoring, strutting, preparing the foundation bed and dewatering, if necessary, is also included under this item.